MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL  -  MTR    

What is Mountaintop Removal?
Mountaintop removal is just what the name suggests. Peaks are cleared of trees. Often hardwood trees are simply burned for convenience. Giant steam shovels then scrape away the topsoil. The rock beneath is blasted away until the coal is exposed. Some blasts have lopped as much as 800 feet off a mountain. Tons of rocks, debris and other waste are trucked away and dumped into valley areas. The overburden is often scraped into the adjacent drainage valleys in what is called a valley fill. Regulations dating from the Reagan administration, said that no surface mining may occur within 100 feet of a stream unless there'd be no harm to water quality or quantity. Data suggests that mountaintop mining accounts for 10% of America's coal output providing 5% of its electricity.

Mountaintop removal has become an increasingly contentious issue over the past several particularly in the southern United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that by the end of 2010, 1.4 million acres of Appalachian forests would have been disturbed or cleared by mountaintop removal, an area larger than Delaware.

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Latest news:

April 23 2013: EPA’s veto on West Virginia MTR project legal. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit confirms EPA's contention that the Clean Water Act's Section 404 grants the agency authority to scrap specifications in dredge-and-fill permits issued by the Army Corps of Engineers for Arch Coal Inc.'s Spruce No. 1 mine in Logan County, W.Va. The ruling reverses U.S. District Judge Amy Berman Jackson's decision last year that threw out EPA's veto. link

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         Below:

• EPA action
• Government oversight
• Around Appalachia
  

July 2011: EPA issues final mountaintop mining guidance. U.S. EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson has said that "no or very few valley fills" would be approved under new guidance that EPA regional offices will now impose on state regulators for permits under the federal Clean Water Act. The announcement pleases environmentalists, but criticized by industry. link

 
April 2010: EPA raises the bar for mountaintop mining
The Obama administration effectively called time today on one of the most destructive industries in America, proposing new environmental guidelines for mountaintop mining removal. The move was seen as a bold action from the White House, which has in the past disappointed environmental organizations for failing to move more aggressively on pollution and climate change. In a conference call with journalists officials spelled out guidelines that they acknowledged would make it virtually impossible for mining companies in Appalachia to carry on with business as usual. link

April 2010: Putting EPA's decision in perspective - Matt Wasson, Director of Programs for Appalachian Voices, writes - To the extent that some in the media overstated the impact of the EPA's new guidance, they can be forgiven. During the press conference, Jackson said, "You're talking about no or very few valley fills that are going to meet standards like this."  The EPA's move is a big first step that provides immediate protection to Appalachian families threatened with new mountaintop removal permits above their homes. It's a tourniquet that will stop the hemorrhaging, but here are five reasons why this guidance doesn't immediately or permanently put an end to mountaintop removal . . . more

April 2010: Interior Department moving to curb coal mining pollution. The Interior Department is writing new regulations for mountaintop-removal coal mining that would expand protection for waterways and require the restoration of dynamited areas. Also states' rights to set their own standards for granting exemptions would be revoked, and a federal definition for "material damage" to watersheds would be established.  link

National campaign to end Mountain Top Removal coal mining kicks off. June 2009: 14 people were arrested in Coal River, WV for protesting mountain top removal coal mining at an elementary school only a few hundred yards from a recently erected toxic coal sludge impoundment. The arrested include retired coal miner and former Congressman Ken Hechler, NASA climate scientist James Hansen, Goldman Environmental Prize Winner Judy Bonds, and actress Daryl Hannah.  Bonds was actually assaulted by a Massey Coal employee, who was in turn arrested for battery. Sierra Club

Past background by the Bush & Obama administrations.

During the Bush Administration, EPA never opposed or challenged a permit, despite the fact that they clearly violated laws on the books to protect clean water and public health. Apparently, those days are over. A dramatic announcement by EPA that every single one of the 79 pending permits violates the Clean Water Act is a condemnation of the quality of permits being churned out during the Bush Administration and is a testament to the Obama Administration’s sincere commitment to science, transparency, and enforcing environmental safeguards.The Army Corps now has 60 days to revise the permits and address EPA’s concerns. link

October 2008: In the waning days of the Bush administration, the Interior Department's Office of Surface Mining issued a final environmental analysis that would ease restrictions on dumping mountaintop mining waste near rivers and streams, modifying protections that have been in place, though often circumvented, for a quarter-century. The proposed rule change had been under consideration for four years and was a priority of the surface mining industry. The rule change essentially would eliminate the buffer by allowing the government to grant waivers so that mining companies can dump the rubble from mountaintops into valleys, burying streams. read

April 2009: The Obama administration's reversal of that last-minute Bush rule was a blow to the coal industry, which defends mountaintop mining as a safer, cheaper alternative to traditional underground mining. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar said he had asked the Justice Department to ask a federal court in Washington, DC, to throw out the rule and send it back to the EPA. Mr. Salazar said the rule "simply doesn't pass muster with respect to adequately protecting water quality and stream habitat" in affected communities. link

The EPA and other departments responsible for clean water laws will now subject all applications for mountaintop-mining permits - routinely fast-tracked for the last few years - to rigorous, case-by-case environmental review. These agencies will also exercise stronger control over state regulators. But it still leaves in place the destructive Bush rules that essentially legalized the practice of dumping harmful waste in valleys and streams. The Obama administration has pledged to restore the old buffer zone restriction. But it has said nothing at all about redefining mining waste as an illegal pollutant, which it was before the Bush people came along. A bill before the House would do exactly that. The administration should do it first - New York Times, June 20 2009.  link

Appalachia.  Mining operations have blasted away hundreds of peaks in West Virginia, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and have permanently altered stream flows and wildlife habitats in those watersheds, according to studies by the Environmental Protection Agency. Mountaintop removal opponents have cited those studies in court papers. (Above -  Mountaintop coal mining operation in West Virginia.) Mountaintop removal accounts for a third of West Virginia's coal production. The technique has been around since the 1970s. More than 700 miles of streams across central Appalachia were buried by valley fills from 1985 to 2001, according to a 2005 EPA report. The report says that, without further restrictions, 2,200 square miles of Appalachian forests - an area twice the size of Rhode Island - will be eliminated by 2012. Without the ability to fill valleys with the rocky debris, mountaintop mining can't be performed. Lower-court decisions found that permits issued by the Army Corps of Engineers violated the Clean Water Act. link

August 2010: New maps reveal massive forest loss in Appalachia. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that by the end of 2010, 1.4 million acres of Appalachian forests will have been disturbed or cleared by mountaintop removal, an area larger than Delaware. link

July  2009: Mountaintop mining legacy: Destroying Appalachian streams. Of all the environmental problems caused by mountaintop projects - decapitated peaks, deforestation, the significant carbon footprint, scientists have found that valley fills do the most damage because they destroy headwater streams and surrounding forests, which are crucial to the workings of mountain ecosystems. link

August 2011: Opposition to MTR in coal heartland. Appalachian voters in the heart of coal country oppose mountaintop removal coal mining, according to a poll released by Earthjustice, Appalachian Mountain Advocates and the Sierra Club. 
The poll sampled 1,315 registered voters in Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia and Tennessee and found wide opposition to the destructive mining practice in all four states and across party lines. The number of voters who oppose mountaintop removal dwarfs those who support it. The results of the poll indicate that 57% oppose the practice, and with noticeable intensity (42% strongly oppose), compared to just 20% who support it (10% strongly supporting). lin

Appalachian Voices. This North Carolina-based organization opposes mountaintop removal. From their web page on MTR, they write: "While the environmental devastation caused by this practice is obvious, families and communities near these mining sites are forced to contend with continual blasting from mining operations that can take place up to 300 feet from their homes and operate 24 hours a day. Families and communities near mining sites also suffer from airborne dust and debris, floods that have left hundreds dead and thousands homeless, and contamination of their drinking water supplies.

"In central Appalachian counties, which are among the poorest in the nation, homes are frequently the only asset folks have. Mining operations have damaged hundreds of homes beyond repair and the value of homes near a mountaintop removal sites often decrease by as much as 90%. Worst of all, mountaintop removal is threatening not just the people, forest and mountains of central Appalachia, but the very culture of the region. Coal companies frequently claim that mountaintop removal is beneficial for the people, economy and the environment, but the facts just don't hold up."

Kentucky. In eastern Kentucky, coal companies now blast as much as 600 feet off the tops of mountains to reach the seams of coal. Some of the most biologically diverse and productive temperate hardwood forests in the world are being eliminated by mountaintop removal, replaced by "reclaimed" grasslands sewn with exotic, invasive weeds. Coal companies dump millions of tons of "overburden" (the rock and soil that lies above a coal seam) into headwater mountain streams in under-regulated structures called "valley fills." Thousands of underground miner's jobs have been eliminated as giant machines do the work of hundreds of men. link

Tennessee.  SOCM (Save Our Cumberland Mountains). There is a new form of mountaintop removal which is spreading in Tennessee: Cross Ridge Mining!  Like MTR, Cross Ridge Mining operations will mine through an entire mountain peak and remove an entire seam of coal.  But unlike MTR operations, these Cross Ridge Mines will not get a "variance from AOC (approximate original contour)", that is they will not leave the mountain flat. Instead they propose to remove the mountain and then PUT IT BACK AGAIN!  In practice, however, the post-mining rubble is piled in terraces that cruelly mimic the “original contour” but bear little resemblance to the pre-mining mountain. Once the mining company gets its reclamation bond released, the steep terraces of sterile soil are left to erode into the streams that flow in nearly every Appalachian holler (see pdf). Since 2003, permits have been issued to remove the tops of four mountains in Tennessee. There are 8 more mountains that can be destroyed, depending on the outcome of a study TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) is doing on whether to mine the coal it owns under the Royal Blue Wildlife Management Area. The Strip Mine Committee is currently working to stop MTR from spreading in Tennessee. link

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August 2009: Larry Gibson is a leader in the fight against MTR. This Guardian video/article features the background to the campaign and the disillusionment with President Obama's lack of action on the destructive process. While the state of West Virginia implores that coal is vital, it only comprises 7% of the state's economy - less significant than Wal-Mart even. Guardian 

In memory of Larry Gibson: West Virginia anti-mining crusader dead at 66. (Septem,ber 2012) In his decades-long struggle, Gibson brought national attention to mountaintop removal – described by activists as strip mining on steroids for the epic destruction it visits on mountains and streams. A diminutive man, who was not a great orator or well connected, Gibson's courage and persistence won a roster of celebrities for his cause. Robert Kennedy Jr was a supporter, as were actor Daryl Hannah and climatologist James Hansen, both of whom were arrested at mining protests.  Guardian  

Coal River Mountain Watch  (CRMW) is a grassroots organization begun in 1998 in response to the fear and frustration of people living near or downstream from huge mountaintop removal site.   

In December 2009, the late Senator Byrd said: "It is a reality that the practice of mountaintop removal mining has a diminishing constituency in Washington. It is not a widespread method of mining, with its use confined to only three states.  Most members of Congress, like most Americans, oppose the practice, and we may not yet fully understand the effects of mountaintop removal mining on the health of our citizens. West Virginians may demonstrate anger toward the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) over mountaintop removal mining, but we risk the very probable consequence of shouting ourselves out of any productive dialogue with EPA and our adversaries in the Congress. . . I believe that the notion of holding the health care of over 300 million Americans hostage in exchange for a handful of coal permits is beyond foolish; it is morally indefensible.  It is a non-starter, and puts the entire state of West Virginia and the coal industry in a terrible light."  link

July 2011: 60,000 additional cancer cases linked to MTR. A new  study indicates that the cancer rate in areas where MTR takes place is twice as high than comparable locations in West Virginia resulting in 60,000 additional cases among the 1.2 million people living in the affected counties. link   

Other site worth checking: I love Mountains